What Animals Did Columbus Bring To The New World

Exchanges of people, diseases, plants, animals, and minerals between the Americas and the Old Globe

The Columbian exchange, besides known as the Columbian interchange, was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, precious metals, commodities, culture, human being populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the New World (the Americas) in the Western Hemisphere, and the Sometime Globe (Afro-Eurasia) in the Eastern Hemisphere, in the late 15th and following centuries.^[ane] It is named after the Italian explorer Christopher Columbus and is related to the European colonization and global trade post-obit his 1492 voyage.^[1] Some of the exchanges were purposeful; some were accidental or unintended. Communicable diseases of Old Earth origin resulted in an 80 to 95 percent reduction in the number of Indigenous peoples of the Americas from the 15th century onwards, well-nigh severely in the Caribbean area.^[1] The cultures of both hemispheres were significantly impacted by the migration of people (both free and enslaved) from the Old World to the New. African slaves and European colonists replaced the Indigenous populations across the Americas. The number of Africans coming to the New Earth was far greater than the number of Europeans coming to the New World in the get-go three centuries after Columbus.^{[2] [three]}

The new contacts among the global population resulted in the interchange of a wide variety of crops and livestock, which supported increases in nutrient production and population in the Old World. American crops such as maize, potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco, cassava, sweet potatoes, and chili peppers became important crops effectually the earth. Old World rice, wheat, sugar cane, and livestock, among other crops, became important in the New Globe. American-produced silver flooded the world and became the standard metal used in coinage, especially in Imperial Cathay.

The term was first used in 1972 past the American historian and professor Alfred W. Crosby in his ecology history book The Columbian Exchange.^{[1] [iv]} Information technology was rapidly adopted by other historians and journalists.

Etymology [edit]

In 1972 Alfred W. Crosby, an American historian at the University of Texas at Austin, published The Columbian Exchange,^[4] and subsequent volumes within the same decade. His primary focus was mapping the biological and cultural transfers that occurred betwixt the Onetime and New Worlds. He studied the effects of Columbus's voyages betwixt the ii – specifically, the global diffusion of crops, seeds, and plants from the New World to the Quondam, which radically transformed agriculture in both regions. His research made a lasting contribution to the way scholars understand the diverseness of contemporary ecosystems that arose due to these transfers.^[5]

The term has become popular amongst historians and journalists and has since been enhanced with Crosby'south later book in three editions, Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900–1900. Charles C. Isle of mann, in his book 1493 further expands and updates Crosby's original research.^[6]

Background [edit]

The weight of scientific evidence is that humans showtime came to the New Earth from Siberia thousands of years agone. There is little additional prove of contacts between the peoples of the Onetime World and those of the New World, although the literature speculating on pre-Columbian trans-oceanic journeys is all-encompassing. The first inhabitants of the New Globe brought with them domestic dogs and, perhaps, a container, the calabash, both of which persisted in their new home.^[7] The medieval explorations, visits, and brief residence of the Norsemen in Greenland, Newfoundland, and Vinland in the late tenth century and 11th century had no known impact on the Americas.^[eight] Many scientists take that possible contact between Polynesians and littoral peoples in South America virtually 1200 resulted in genetic similarities and the adoption past Polynesians of an American crop, the sweet tater.^[9] Yet, it was just with the starting time voyage of the Italian explorer Christopher Columbus and his crew to the Americas in 1492 that the Columbian commutation began, resulting in major transformations in the cultures and livelihoods of the peoples in both hemispheres.^[1]

Diseases [edit]

The outset manifestation of the Columbian substitution may accept been the spread of syphilis from the native people of the Caribbean area Ocean to Europe. The history of syphilis has been well-studied, but the origin of the disease remains a subject of debate.^[10] There are two chief hypotheses: one proposes that syphilis was carried to Europe from the Americas by the crew of Christopher Columbus in the early 1490s, while the other proposes that syphilis previously existed in Europe but went unrecognized.^[eleven] The first written descriptions of the disease in the Old World came in 1493.^[12] The outset large outbreak of syphilis in Europe occurred in 1494–1495 amidst the army of Charles VIII during its invasion of Naples.^{[eleven] [13] [fourteen] [15]} Many of the crew members who had served with Columbus had joined this army. After the victory, Charles'south largely mercenary army returned to their respective homes, thereby spreading "the Great Pox" across Europe and killing up to five 1000000 people.^{[sixteen] [17]}

The Columbian exchange of diseases in the other direction was past far deadlier. The peoples of the Americas had had no contact to European and African diseases and little or no immunity.^[18] An epidemic of swine influenza beginning in 1493 killed many of the Taino people inhabiting Caribbean islands. The pre-contact population of the island of Hispanola was probably at least 500,000, but by 1526, fewer than 500 were still alive. Spanish exploitation was role of the crusade of the near-extinction of the native people.^[19] In 1518, smallpox was kickoff recorded in the Americas and became the deadliest imported European disease. Forty pct of the 200,000 people living in the Aztec majuscule of Tenochtitlan, later United mexican states City, are estimated to have died of smallpox in 1520 during the war of the Aztecs with conquistador Hernán Cortés.^[twenty] Epidemics, possibly of smallpox and spread from Central America, decimated the population of the Inca Empire a few years before the inflow of the Spanish.^[21] The ravages of European diseases and Spanish exploitation reduced the Mexican population from an estimated xx million to barely more a million in the 16th century.^[22] The ethnic population of Peru decreased from most 9 million in the pre-Columbian era to 600,000 in 1620.^[23] Scholars Nunn and Qian estimate that eighty–95 percent of the Native American population died in epidemics within the starting time 100–150 years post-obit 1492. The deadliest Old World diseases in the Americas were smallpox, measles, whooping coughing, chicken pox, bubonic plague, typhus, and malaria.^[24]

African slavery [edit]

The Atlantic slave trade consisted of the involuntary immigration of 11.7 meg Africans, primarily from W Africa, to the Americas between the 16th and 19th centuries, far outnumbering the about three.4 million Europeans who migrated, nigh voluntarily, to the New World between 1492 and 1840.^[25] The prevalence of African slaves in the New Earth was related to the demographic pass up of New World peoples and the demand of European colonists for labor. The Africans had greater immunities to Old World diseases than the New World peoples, and were less likely to die from disease. The journeying of enslaved Africans from Africa to America is usually known as the "middle passage".^[26]

Enslaved Africans helped shape an emerging African-American civilization in the New Globe. They participated in both skilled and unskilled labor. Their descendants gradually developed an ethnicity that drew from the numerous African tribes too as European nationalities.^{[27] [28]} The descendants of African slaves make up a majority of the population in some Caribbean countries, notably Republic of haiti and Jamaica, and a sizeable minority in most American countries.^[29]

A movement for the abolitionism of slavery, known every bit abolitionism, developed in Europe and the Americas during the 18th century. The efforts of abolitionists eventually led to the abolition of slavery (the British Empire in 1833, the Usa in 1865, and Brazil in 1888).

Silver [edit]

The New World produced 80 percent or more of the world's silverish in the 16th and 17th centuries, nearly of it at Potosí in Bolivia, but also in Mexico. The founding of the city of Manila in the Philippines in 1571 for the purpose of facilitating trade in New World argent with China for silk, porcelain, and other luxury products has been chosen by scholars the "origin of globe merchandise."^[30] Mainland china was the world's largest economic system and in the 1570s adopted silvery (which information technology did not produce in any quantity) as its medium of exchange. China had little involvement in buying foreign products so trade consisted of large quantities of silver coming into Cathay to pay for the Chinese products that strange countries desired. Argent made information technology to Manila either through Europe and by ship effectually the Cape of Skilful Hope or across the Pacific Bounding main in Spanish galleons from the Mexican port of Acapulco. From Manila the silver was transported onward to Prc on Portuguese and later Dutch ships. Argent was also smuggled from Potosi to Buenos Aires, Argentina to pay slavers for African slaves imported into the New World.^[31]

The enormous quantities of silver imported into Spain and Red china created vast wealth but also caused inflation and the value of silvery to decline. In 16th century China, six ounces of silver was equal to the value of 1 ounce of gold. In 1635, information technology took thirteen ounces of silver to equal in value i ounce of gilt. Taxes in both countries were assessed in the weight of silver, not its value. The shortage of acquirement due to the reject in the value of silver may have contributed indirectly to the fall of the Ming dynasty in 1644. As well, silver from the Americas financed Spain's try to conquer other countries in Europe, and the decline in the value of silver left Spain faltering in the maintenance of its world-wide empire and retreating from its aggressive policies in Europe later on 1650.^{[32] [33]}

Effects [edit]

Crops [edit]

Because of the new trading resulting from the Columbian substitution, several plants native to the Americas have spread around the world, including potatoes, maize, tomatoes, and tobacco.^[34] Before 1500, potatoes were non grown outside of South America. By the 18th century, they were cultivated and consumed widely in Europe and had get of import crops in both India and North America. Potatoes eventually became an of import staple of the diet in much of Europe, contributing to an estimated 25% of the population growth in Afro-Eurasia between 1700 and 1900.^[35] Many European rulers, including Frederick the Cracking of Prussia and Catherine the Great of Russian federation, encouraged the cultivation of the potato.^[36]

Maize and cassava, introduced by the Portuguese from South America in the 16th century,^[37] gradually replaced sorghum and millet as Africa's most important nutrient crops.^[38] Spanish colonizers of the 16th-century introduced new staple crops to Asia from the Americas, including maize and sugariness potatoes, and thereby contributed to population growth in Asia.^[39] On a larger scale, the introduction of potatoes and maize to the Sometime World "resulted in caloric and nutritional improvements over previously existing staples" throughout the Eurasian landmass,^[40] enabling more than varied and arable food production.^[41]

Tomatoes, which came to Europe from the New Earth via Espana, were initially prized in Italy mainly for their ornamental value. Merely starting in the 19th century, tomato sauces became typical of Neapolitan cuisine and, ultimately, Italian cuisine in general.^[42] Java (introduced in the Americas circa 1720) from Africa and the Middle East and sugarcane (introduced from the Indian subcontinent) from the Castilian Westward Indies became the main export article crops of extensive Latin American plantations. Introduced to India by the Portuguese, chili and potatoes from Due south America have get an integral part of their cuisine.^[43]

Because crops traveled simply frequently their endemic fungi did not, for a express time yields were higher in their new lands. Nighttime & Gent 2001 term this the " Yield honeymoon ". Yet, as globalization has connected the Columbian Commutation of pathogens has continued and crops have declined dorsum toward their endemic yields – the honeymoon is ending.^[44]

Rice [edit]

Rice was some other crop that became widely cultivated during the Columbian exchange. Equally the need in the New World grew, and then did the cognition of how to cultivate it. The two primary species used were Oryza glaberrima and Oryza sativa, originating from West Africa and Southeast Asia, respectively. European planters in the New World relied upon the skills of enslaved Africans to cultivate both species.^[45] Georgia, South Carolina, Cuba and Puerto Rico were major centers of rice production during the colonial era. Enslaved Africans brought their noesis of water control, milling, winnowing, and other agrarian practices to the fields. This widespread cognition among enslaved Africans eventually led to rice becoming a staple dietary particular in the New Globe.^{[5] [46]}

Fruits [edit]

Citrus fruits and grapes were brought to the Americas from the Mediterranean. At beginning planters struggled to adapt these crops to the climates in the New World, but by the late 19th century they were cultivated more than consistently.^[47]

Bananas were introduced into the Americas in the 16th century past Portuguese sailors who came across the fruits in Westward Africa, while engaged in commercial ventures and the slave trade. Bananas were consumed in minimal amounts in the Americas every bit belatedly equally the 1880s. The U.Due south. did not see major increases in banana consumption until large plantations were established in the Caribbean area.^[48]

Tomatoes [edit]

It took 3 centuries after their introduction in Europe for tomatoes to become a widely accepted food item. Tobacco, potatoes, chili peppers, tomatillos, and tomatoes are all members of the nightshade family. Similar to some European Nightshade varieties, tomatoes and potatoes tin can be harmful or even lethal, if the wrong office of the establish is consumed in excess. Physicians in the 16th-century had good reason to be wary that this native Mexican fruit was poisonous; they suspected it of generating "melancholic humours".^{[ commendation needed ]}

In 1544, Pietro Andrea Mattioli, a Tuscan physician and botanist, suggested that tomatoes might be edible, simply no record exists of anyone consuming them at this time. Still, in 1592 the caput gardener at the botanical garden of Aranjuez well-nigh Madrid, nether the patronage of Philip II of Kingdom of spain, wrote, "information technology is said [tomatoes] are adept for sauces". In spite of these comments, tomatoes remained exotic plants grown for ornamental purposes, simply rarely for culinary use.^{[ citation needed ]} On October 31, 1548, the love apple was given its first proper noun anywhere in Europe when a house steward of Cosimo I de' Medici, Knuckles of Florence, wrote to the De' Medici'due south private secretarial assistant that the basket of pomi d'oro "had arrived safely". At this time, the characterization pomi d'oro was besides used to refer to figs, melons, and citrus fruits in treatises by scientists.^[49] In the early on years, tomatoes were mainly grown every bit ornamentals in Italia. For example, the Florentine aristocrat Giovan Vettorio Soderini wrote how they "were to be sought but for their beauty" and were grown only in gardens or bloom beds. Tomatoes were grown in elite town and country gardens in the fifty years or so post-obit their arrival in Europe, and were only occasionally depicted in works of art.^{[ citation needed ]} The practice of using tomato sauce with pasta developed just in the late nineteenth century. Today around 32,000 acres (13,000 ha) of tomatoes are cultivated in Italy.^[49]

Livestock [edit]

Native Americans learned to use horses to hunt bison, dramatically expanding their hunting range.

Initially at least, the Columbian exchange of animals largely went in one management, from Europe to the New World, equally the Eurasian regions had domesticated many more animals. Horses, donkeys, mules, pigs, cattle, sheep, goats, chickens, large dogs, cats, and bees were rapidly adopted past native peoples for ship, food, and other uses.^[fifty] One of the first European exports to the Americas, the horse, changed the lives of many Native American tribes. The mountain tribes shifted to a nomadic lifestyle, based on hunting bison on horseback. They largely gave upwardly settled agriculture. Horse civilization was adopted gradually by Slap-up Plains Indians. The existing Plains tribes expanded their territories with horses, and the animals were considered so valuable that equus caballus herds became a mensurate of wealth.^[51] While mesoamerican peoples (Mayas in particular) already practiced apiculture,^[52] producing wax and honey from a variety of bees (such equally Melipona or Trigona),^[53] European bees (Apis mellifera)—more productive, delivering a dear with less water content and allowing for an easier extraction from beehives—were introduced in New Spain, becoming an important part of farming production.^[54]

The effects of the introduction of European livestock on the environments and peoples of the New World were non always positive. In the Caribbean, the proliferation of European animals consumed native fauna and undergrowth, changing habitat. If complimentary ranging, the animals often damaged conucos, plots managed past indigenous peoples for subsistence.^[55]

The Mapuche of Araucanía were fast to adopt the equus caballus from the Spanish, and better their military capabilities as they fought the Arauco War confronting Spanish colonizers.^{[56] [57]} Until the arrival of the Spanish, the Mapuches had largely maintained chilihueques (llamas) as livestock. The Spanish introduction of sheep acquired some competition between the two domesticated species. Anecdotal bear witness of the mid-17th century show that by so both species coexisted but that the sheep far outnumbered the llamas. The turn down of llamas reached a point in the belatedly 18th century when just the Mapuche from Mariquina and Huequén adjacent to Angol raised the animal.^[58] In the Chiloé Archipelago the introduction of pigs by the Spanish proved a success. They could feed on the abundant shellfish and algae exposed past the large tides.^[58]

In the other direction, the turkey, guinea sus scrofa, and Muscovy duck were New World animals that were transferred to Europe.^[59]

Medicines [edit]

European exploration of tropical areas was aided past the New World discovery of quinine, the first constructive treatment for malaria. Europeans suffered from this disease, but some ethnic populations had adult at least partial resistance to it. In Africa, resistance to malaria has been associated with other genetic changes among sub-Saharan Africans and their descendants, which can crusade sickle-jail cell disease.^[sixty] The resistance of sub-Saharan Africans to malaria in the southern United states and the Caribbean area contributed greatly to the specific character of the Africa-sourced slavery in those regions.^[61]

Similarly, yellowish fever is thought to have been brought to the Americas from Africa via the Atlantic slave merchandise. Because it was endemic in Africa, many people there had caused immunity. Europeans suffered college rates of expiry than did African-descended persons when exposed to yellow fever in Africa and the Americas, where numerous epidemics swept the colonies start in the 17th century and continuing into the late 19th century. The disease caused widespread fatalities in the Caribbean area during the heyday of slave-based sugar plantation. The replacement of native forests past carbohydrate plantations and factories facilitated its spread in the tropical area by reducing the number of potential natural mosquito predators.The means of yellow fever manual was unknown until 1881, when Carlos Finlay suggested that the disease was transmitted through mosquitoes, now known to be female mosquitoes of the species Aedes aegypti.^[62]

Cultural exchanges [edit]

One of the results of the move of people between New and Onetime Worlds were cultural exchanges. For instance, in the article "The Myth of Early Globalization: The Atlantic Economy, 1500–1800", Pieter Emmer makes the point that "from 1500 onward, a 'clash of cultures' had begun in the Atlantic".^[63] This clash of civilization involved the transfer of European values to indigenous cultures. Equally an example, the emergence of the concept of private property in regions where belongings was frequently viewed every bit communal, concepts of monogamy (although many indigenous peoples were already monogamous), the role of women and children in the social arrangement, and unlike concepts of labor, including slavery,^[64] although slavery was already a practice among many indigenous peoples and was widely practiced or introduced past Europeans into the Americas. Another instance included the European abhorrence of man sacrifice, a religious practice among some indigenous populations.^{[ citation needed ]}

During the initial stages of European colonization of the Americas, Europeans encountered contend-less lands. They believed that the land was unimproved and available for their taking, as they sought economic opportunity and homesteads. However, when European settlers arrived in Virginia, they encountered a fully established indigenous people, the Powhatan. The Powhatan farmers in Virginia scattered their farm plots within larger cleared areas. These larger cleared areas were a communal place for growing useful plants. As the Europeans viewed fences as hallmarks of civilization, they prepare about transforming "the country into something more suitable for themselves".^[65]

Tobacco was a New Earth agronomical product, originally a luxury good spread as part of the Columbian exchange. Equally is discussed in regard to the trans-Atlantic slave trade, the tobacco trade increased demand for costless labor and spread tobacco worldwide. In discussing the widespread uses of tobacco, the Spanish dr. Nicolas Monardes (1493–1588) noted that "The black people that have gone from these parts to the Indies, take taken up the same manner and utilise of tobacco that the Indians accept".^[66] Equally Europeans traveled to other parts of the world, they took with them the practices related to tobacco. Need for tobacco grew in the course of these cultural exchanges among peoples.^{[ citation needed ]}

1 of the most clearly notable areas of cultural disharmonism and exchange was that of religion, ofttimes the lead point of cultural conversion. In the Spanish and Portuguese dominions, the spread of Catholicism, steeped in a European values system, was a major objective of colonization. Europeans ofttimes pursued it via explicit policies of suppression of indigenous languages, cultures and religions. In British America, Protestant missionaries converted many members of indigenous tribes to Protestantism. The French colonies had a more outright religious mandate, as some of the early on explorers, such every bit Jacques Marquette, were also Catholic priests. In fourth dimension, and given the European technological and immunological superiority which aided and secured their dominance, ethnic religions declined in the centuries following the European settlement of the Americas.

While Mapuche people did adopt the equus caballus, sheep, and wheat, the over-all scant adoption of Castilian engineering science by Mapuche has been characterized as a means of cultural resistance.

According to Caroline Dodds Pennock, in Atlantic history indigenous people are often seen as static recipients of transatlantic encounters. Just thousands of Native Americans crossed the ocean during the sixteenth century, some by choice.^[67]

Organism examples [edit]

Post-Columbian transfers of native organisms with shut ties to humans, Late 15th to 20th century

Type of organism	Afro-Eurasia to the Americas	Americas to Afro-Eurasia
Domesticated animals	Barbary dove true cat (domestic – several wild species already present) camel (18th–20th century) cattle (Would have been used for meat, dairy, and for pulling a plow or wagon.) craven donkey duck (Erstwhile World domestic ducks are descended from the wild mallard, unlike the N American Muscovy duck) goat (the goats of the Onetime World, genus Capra, are different from the mountain goat of the New Earth, genus Oreamnos; would have become a source of meat and milk in Caribbean area especially) goose (species of New World geese existed, but farmyards also would have wanted geese for laying eggs in add-on to meat) guineafowl honey bee (European beloved bee – other wild and domesticated species already present) gilt hamster equus caballus (technically reintroduced after extinction in Northward America) Mule koi ostrich hog dove quail (European and Japanese species) rabbit (domestic) sheep (Domestic but. Wild bighorn sheep practise not live east of the Mississippi River and would non be discovered until after most of the interchange was complete.) h2o buffalo yak zebu	alpaca American mink republic of guinea pig llama long-tailed chinchilla New World parrots (Kept as pets) Muscovy duck turkey (Mexican subspecies Meleagris gallopavo gallopavo.)
Other Animals	ring-necked pheasant mute swan peacock (Florida)	Canada goose (escaped from menageries of wealthy) ruddy duck
Cultivated plants	adzuki bean almond aloe vera anise apple apricot asparagus baobab assistant (including cooking assistant) barley basil beetroot black-eyed pea Brassica oleracea-derived vegetables broccoli Brussels sprouts cabbage cauliflower collard greens kale kohlrabi rapeseed breadfruit (brought from Asia to Caribbean) broad bean Cannabis (including hemp) cantaloupe carrot celery ruby chickpea cinnamon (not just species from Ceylon, but as well Chinese and Southeast Asia) citrus (orange, lemon, etc.) kokosnoot (brought from Asia to Caribbean) coffee mutual fig (other species of Ficus genus abundant, merely earliest explorers did non know of existence or edibility until later.) coriander (also known as cilantro) cucumber cumin eggplant (aubergine) Ellis (oil palm) fennel finger millet foxtail millet flax garlic ginger goji grape (wild species present in Due north America, but not vino grapes) hazelnut hops jackfruit (brought from Asia to Caribbean) kiwifruit kola nut leek lentil lettuce mace mango mangosteen melon (watermelon, cantaloupe, honeydew, etc.) millet mint Momordica charantia (bitter melon) mung bean nutmeg oat okra olive onion opium poppy oregano parsnip pea peach pear pearl millet persimmon (Asian species just) pistachio plum (Cultivated nutrient species from Asia only) pomegranate proso millet radish raspberry rice rosemary rye sage sesame sorghum soybean spinach sugarcane and carbohydrate beet tamarind taro turmeric turnip walnut (commercial varieties) wheat yam (African yam; sugariness potatoes are sometimes called "yam" in the U.Due south.)	açai American persimmon (ornamental) Annona glabra (alligator apple) Annona reticulata (custard apple) agave allspice amaranth (as grain) annatto arracacha arrowroot or Maranta arundinacea avocado black cerise blackness walnut (used for lumber and for ornamental purposes) blueberry (commercial varieties) Brazil nut Calathea allouia (leren) Canna indica (achira) capsicum (bell pepper and chili pepper) cashew cassava (manioc, tapioca, yuca) chayote cherimoya chia coca leaf cocoa edible bean cotton (long-staple species) cranberry (big cranberry, or bearberry species) cucurbits (many squashes and gourds) butternut squash pumpkin Hubbard squash acorn squash pattypan squash zucchini (courgette) Eryngium foetidum (culantro, Mexican coriander) Feijoa sellowiana (feijoa, pineapple guava, Brazilian guava, guavasteen) guarana guava (common) Helianthus (sunflower) Jerusalem artichoke jicama maize (corn) Magnolia, several species (ornamental purposes) Manilkara zapota (sapodilla) mashua Opuntia ficus-indica (prickly pear) Oxalis tuberosa (New Zealand yam) papaya Pawpaw passionfruit, fruit and flowers for gardens; multiple species. peanut pecan Phaseolus vulgaris (beans: pinto, lima, kidney, etc.) physalis (cape gooseberry) pineapple pitaya (dragon fruit) potato quinoa crimson oak (lumber and ornamental) prophylactic sassafras soursop stevia strawberry (commercial varieties) sugar-apple sugar maple sweet potato tamarillo tobacco tomato plant tomatillo ulluco vanilla wild rice (Texas, almanac and northern species) yerba mate yucca
Cultivated fungi	Agaricus bisporus (push mushrooms, anecdote mushrooms, portobello mushrooms) cloud ear fungus enoki mushroom oyster mushroom (some varieties) Rhizopus oligosporus (tempeh) shiitake mushroom snow ear fungus truffle	huitlacoche (corn smut) oyster mushroom (some varieties)
Infectious diseases	bubonic plague chickenpox cholera diphtheria gonorrhea influenza leprosy malaria measles mumps rubella cerise fever smallpox tuberculosis typhoid fever typhus whooping coughing yaws yellow fever	Chagas disease pinta syphilis (disputed)

Afterward history [edit]

Plants that arrived by land, sea, or air in the times before 1492 are chosen archaeophytes, and plants introduced to Europe after those times are called neophytes. Invasive species of plants and pathogens also were introduced by chance, including such weeds every bit tumbleweeds (Salsola spp.) and wild oats (Avena fatua). Some plants introduced intentionally, such as the kudzu vine introduced in 1894 from Nihon to the Us to help control soil erosion, have since been found to be invasive pests in the new environment.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Fungi have also been transported, such as the one responsible for Dutch elm disease, killing American elms in Northward American forests and cities, where many had been planted equally street trees. Some of the invasive species accept get serious ecosystem and economical problems afterwards establishing in the New Earth environments.^{[68] [69]} A beneficial, although probably unintentional, introduction is Saccharomyces eubayanus, the yeast responsible for lager beer now thought to have originated in Patagonia.^[70] Others have crossed the Atlantic to Europe and have inverse the class of history. In the 1840s, Phytophthora infestans crossed the oceans, dissentious the white potato crop in several European nations. In Republic of ireland, the potato ingather was totally destroyed; the Great Famine of Ireland acquired millions to starve to death or emigrate.^{[ commendation needed ]}

In add-on to these, many animals were introduced to new habitats on the other side of the world either accidentally or incidentally. These include such animals as brown rats, earthworms (manifestly absent from parts of the pre-Columbian New World), and zebra mussels, which arrived on ships.^[71] Escaped and feral populations of non-indigenous animals have thrived in both the Old and New Worlds, often negatively impacting or displacing native species. In the New World, populations of feral European cats, pigs, horses, and cattle are common, and the Burmese python and green iguana are considered problematic in Florida. In the Old Globe, the Eastern grayness squirrel has been specially successful in colonising Great United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland, and populations of raccoons can now be found in some regions of Federal republic of germany, the Caucasus, and Nihon. Fur subcontract escapees such as coypu and American mink have extensive populations.^{[ citation needed ]}

Run across also [edit]

• Arab Agricultural Revolution
• Early impact of Mesoamerican goods in Iberian lodge
• Beginning contact (anthropology)
• Not bad American Interchange
• Listing of nutrient plants native to the Americas
• Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories
• Global silvery merchandise from the 16th to 19th centuries
• Transformation of culture

References [edit]

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7. ^ Erickson, D. L; Smith, B. D; Clarke, A. C; Sandweiss, D. H; Tuross, Due north (2005). "An Asian origin for a 10,000-yr-quondam domesticated institute in the Americas". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (51): 18315–twenty. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10218315E. doi:10.1073/pnas.0509279102. PMC1311910. PMID 16352716.
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Further reading [edit]

• The Columbian Substitution: Plants, Animals, and Disease between the Old and New Worlds by Alfred W. Crosby (2009)
• 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus past Charles C. Mann (2006)
• Indian Givers: How the Indians of the Americas Transformed the World past Jack Weatherford (2010)

External links [edit]

• Worlds Together, Worlds Apart by Jeremy Adelman, Stephen Aron, Stephen Kotkin, et al.
• Foods that Changed the Globe by Steven R. King from the Wayback Machine
• The Columbian Exchange video, study guide, analysis, and teaching guide

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbian_exchange

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